Essay --

According to Dmitry Medvedev, former Russian president, the average Russian drinks 18 liters (equivalent to 38 pints) of strictly vodka each year. Vodka is Russia’s favored drink and has a strong Russian history. Although vodka has provided a large issue to the economy due to the abuse of the substance, there are many good outcomes from the production of it with respect to jobs and tax revenue. The Russian government has tired to enforce multiple different ways of curbing the vodka consumption from the citizens, but they do not last. Russia has a large distribution of vodka around the world and the income keeps many Russians employed. For Russia, vodka is an occupation, pleasure and a devil, and a way of life. Vodka was introduced to Russia in the late 14th century and was known as the water of life. In 1386, an ambassador introduced the first vodka to the Grand Duke Dmitri Donskoy. The vodka was obtained by the purification of grape must and was thought of as a concentrate and a â€Å"spirit† of wine. This was the origination of other countries’ understanding of vodka being a spirit. The first vodka recipe ever made was by a Russian monk named Isidore in Moscow. He associated the drink as a â€Å"bread wine† unless it was a strong batch; in this case it would be known as â€Å"burning wine†. The word vodka was already being used at the time for herbal tinctures (an alcoholic extract from a plant or animal). The word was being used, but was not officially in writing. The liquid was officially named vodka after Empress Elizabeth used it in writing to regulate vodka distilleries on June 8th, 1751 (Wikipedia). With the creation of vodka, the countrywide struggle with alcoholism was established. The alcohol has caused the destruction of families,... ...ve their vodka not only for the taste and affects, but also to provide many of them with a way to have an income and place food on the table for their families. The consumption of vodka in Russia is among the highest in the world. Along with the consumption, Russia can be credited among the highest in the world for vodka production and sales. Alcoholism in Russia has become a large problem that needs to be taken care of. Political Leaders in Russia are devising ways to put a restraint on the amount of alcohol consumed by citizens. The outstanding demand for vodka in Russia has greatly helped the economy to thrive in business for families, a strong market, and state tax revenue. The decrease in consumption of alcohol will lower the efficiency of the market for vodka. Is the Russian government more worried about its’ citizens well being, or an efficient market.

In the book aptly titled Hannibal Essay

In the book aptly titled Hannibal, Serge Lancel provided a nitty-gritty exposition of Rome’s Great Commander life history. Through this book, Lancel aims to provide a concise account of Hannibal’s greatness to enlighten some misconceptions about the hero, and to outline how Hannibal reached the summit of success, in terms of war. The book explicates Hannibal’s historical biography from childhood up to the moment of his downfall, to give the reader a clear picture of Hannibal’s attributes, strengths, weaknesses, and most especially his essential characteristics that made him a true hero. Lancel does not only establish Hannibal’s internal complexities but he also provided a precise status quo of the Carthaginian world throughout the progression of the Great Commander’s life history. With this, Lancel successfully sketched the annihilation of Hellenistic world and the ascension of Rome. Hannibal was brought in to world in 247 BCE at Carthage, which was experiencing a tremendous loss from Rome during the First Punic War (264-241). The domination of Rome during this period has a great influence to young Hannibal’s life because he was the eldest son of a Carthaginian general named Hamilcar Barca. At the age of ten, Hannibal witnessed the step by step triumph of his father through the latter’s accomplishment of other territories for the expansion Carthage empire. Many believed that Hamilcar compelled Hannibal to make a promise that the latter will have a perpetual abhorrence to the Roman Empire. Lancel posited that these could be hearsay only but this event could be true since Carthaginians have all the reasons to detest the Romans. When Hamilcar died in 229 BCE, Hasdrubal the Fair (Hamilcar’s son in-law) assumed the position, and during his reign he changed the landscape warfare by promoting diplomatic means. Eight years after, Hasdrubal was assassinated, which paved way for Hannibal’s commandership over the Carthaginian militia in Iberia. From diplomatic practice, Hannibal went back to his father approach of battle, which is aggressive in nature. His first attack was towards the natives of Salamanca in 220 BCE, followed the seizure Santagnum, which led to a conflict with the Romans because during Hasdrubal supremacy, Carthage and Rome made a treaty to prevent any disagreement between the two empires. Carthage and Rome underwent a negotiation, and while it is going Hannibal continued his goal of extending his territory. When he completely invaded the Iberian Peninsula the Carthage-Rome relationship worsened and catapulted the Second Punic War. Rome sent out reinforcement in Sicily, while Hannibal made a bold move in beleaguering Italy before the former can prepared themselves in the waging war. The existing war gave Hannibal an opportunity to get the support Gaul militia, which in the end made his army more powerful, and resulted, to his second triumph at Trebia River. In March 217 BCE, the Great Commander winning streak perpetuated though in an unfortunate event he lost one of his eyes (some historians posited that this due to opthamalia) during the war. Roman militia’s power diminished as the war went on, in an unexpected happenstance their consul Flaminius was ambushed near the Trasimene Lake. Because of this, Hannibal exterminated two Roman legions, but it did not stop Rome and its allies from engaging and continuing the war. Instead, they aggravated the conflict when Quintus Fabius Maximus was chosen to be Rome’s dictator. The Roman council suggested an end-all be-all war, in which they were successful at its first battle at Cannae but they were eventually defeated when Carthaginian army overwhelmed them in a circular formation. Several of Roman allies was so disappointed with result of the Second Punic War, they decided to turn their back with Rome and decided to join the Carthage Empire. Then at age of thirty, Capua was established as Hannibal’s capital in Italy. He commanded his brother Mago Barca to relate the good news in Carthage and in doing so; Mago decanted hundreds of golden rings taken from the decimated cadavers of Roman army, while he was entering the entrance hall of the Carthaginian senate. Nevertheless, Roman council, along with their remaining allies, still resisted any agreement with Hannibal. Then the Great Commander decided to make an alliance with the Macedonian empire, which he acquired through the approval of King Philip V of Macedonia. With this approval, the Carthaginian forces were joined by Syracuse forces in 214 BCE. Rome did not falter; instead, they started an alliance with the Aetolia since this Greek town has a dispute with Macedonia. In the undying desire of Hannibal to expand his territory, he pursued Cumae and Puteoli ports, in order for him to strengthen his militia, but due to this, Rome found an opportunity to regain its nation’s confidence and to start anew because Hannibal neglected his offensives in Central Italy. In 212 BCE, Hannibal tasted his first failure.

Foreshadows and Suspense the Lottery

Many of the seemingly innocuous details throughout â€Å"The Lottery† foreshadow the violent conclusion. In the second paragraph, children put stones in their pockets and make piles of stones in the town square, which seems like innocent play until the stones’ true purpose becomes clear at the end of the story. Tessie’s late arrival at the lottery instantly sets her apart from the crowd, and the observation Mr. Summers makes—â€Å"Thought we were going to have to get on without you†Ã¢â‚¬â€is eerily prescient about Tessie’s fate. When Mr. Summers asks whether the Watson boy will draw for him and his mother, no reason is given for why Mr.Watson wouldn’t draw as all the other husbands and fathers do, which suggests that Mr. Watson may have been last year’s victim. Jackson builds suspense in â€Å"The Lottery† by relentlessly withholding explanation and does not reveal the true nature of the lottery until the first stone hit s Tessie’s head. We learn a lot about the lottery, including the elements of the tradition that have survived or been lost. We learn how important the lottery is to the villagers, particularly Old Man Warner. We go through the entire ritual, hearing names and watching the men approach the box to select their papers.But Jackson never tells us what the lottery is about, or mentions any kind of prize or purpose. She begins to reveal that something is awry when the lottery begins and the crowd grows nervous, and she intensifies the feeling when Tessie hysterically protests Bill’s â€Å"winning† selection. And she gives a slight clue when she says that the villagers â€Å"still remembered to use stones. † But not until the moment when a rock actually hits Tessie does Jackson show her hand completely. By withholding information until the last possible second, she builds the story’s suspense and creates a shocking, powerful conclusion.

Free Essays on Bolting In Wilderness Areas

Bolting In Wilderness Areas Environmental ethics in America is a fairly new train of thought in America. Few people in America even think about the ethics of what we do to the environment for our own needs and wants. The wilderness act of 1964 was made to protect a small peace of what is left of the truly natural environments left in our country. Big business, conservationists and the government are in a constant battle to decide what should and should not be allowed under this act. One of the issues that has come up in recent years is the issue of permanent bolting for climbers in wilderness areas. This issue can be seen from a couple of different angles. One can look at it from a human-interest point of view or one can look at it from a conservationist point of view. Those who see bolting in wilderness areas from a human-interest point of view have a good argument. There are a lot of climbers mainly climb on bolted climbs. These climbers are known as sport climbers and they make up a big part of the people who climb in wilderness areas and therefor a big part of the money coming into wilderness areas. These climbers would be limited to the amount of climbs they could do in a wilderness area if bolting is banned. For this reason some sport climbers would fight for the right to put permanent bolts in wilderness areas. Another reason a climber might back permanent bolting in wilderness areas is safety. With fixed bolts in the rock one can climb with a higher degree of safety than with out. The human-interest side of the argument has a lot of support not only from a lot of climbers but from big recreation companies as well. Together they have the money and political power to fight for their cause. For example, on June 1, 1998 the Chief of Forest service, Michael Dombeck, announced a nationwide ban on... Free Essays on Bolting In Wilderness Areas Free Essays on Bolting In Wilderness Areas Bolting In Wilderness Areas Environmental ethics in America is a fairly new train of thought in America. Few people in America even think about the ethics of what we do to the environment for our own needs and wants. The wilderness act of 1964 was made to protect a small peace of what is left of the truly natural environments left in our country. Big business, conservationists and the government are in a constant battle to decide what should and should not be allowed under this act. One of the issues that has come up in recent years is the issue of permanent bolting for climbers in wilderness areas. This issue can be seen from a couple of different angles. One can look at it from a human-interest point of view or one can look at it from a conservationist point of view. Those who see bolting in wilderness areas from a human-interest point of view have a good argument. There are a lot of climbers mainly climb on bolted climbs. These climbers are known as sport climbers and they make up a big part of the people who climb in wilderness areas and therefor a big part of the money coming into wilderness areas. These climbers would be limited to the amount of climbs they could do in a wilderness area if bolting is banned. For this reason some sport climbers would fight for the right to put permanent bolts in wilderness areas. Another reason a climber might back permanent bolting in wilderness areas is safety. With fixed bolts in the rock one can climb with a higher degree of safety than with out. The human-interest side of the argument has a lot of support not only from a lot of climbers but from big recreation companies as well. Together they have the money and political power to fight for their cause. For example, on June 1, 1998 the Chief of Forest service, Michael Dombeck, announced a nationwide ban on...

Mechanical Properties of FRP Composites

Mechanical Properties of FRP Composites Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites are used in a wide variety of applications. Their mechanical properties provide unique benefits to the product they are molded into. FRP composite materials possess superior mechanical properties including: Impact resistanceStrengthStiffnessFlexibilityAbility to carry loads When designing products out of FRP materials, engineers use sophisticated composite material software which calculates the known properties of given the composite. Typical tests used to measure the mechanical properties of FRP composites include: Shear stiffnessTensileFlexible ModulusImpact Components of FRP Composite Materials The two major components of an FRP composite material is resin and reinforcement. A cured thermosetting resin without any reinforcement is glass-like in nature and appearance, but often very brittle. By adding a reinforcing fiber such as carbon fiber, glass, or aramid, the properties are vastly improved. Additionally, with reinforcing fiber, a composite can have anisotropic properties. Meaning, the composite can be engineered to have different properties in different directions depending on the orientation of the fiber reinforcement. Aluminum, steel and other metals have isotropic properties, meaning, equal strength in all directions. A composite material, with anisotropic properties, can have additional reinforcement in the direction of stresses, and this can create more efficient structures at lighter weights. For example, a pultruded rod having all fiberglass reinforcement in the same parallel direction could have tensile strength upwards of 150,000 PSI. Whereas a rod with the same area of random chopped fiber would only have tensile strength around 15,000 PSI. Another difference between FRP composites and metals is the reaction to impact. When metals receive impact, they can yield or dent. While FRP composites have no yield point and will not dent.

Polish-American culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Polish-American culture - Essay Example The Polish population is a one of the major aspects of American multi-culturalism and a society mingled with various ethnicities and cultures. Although this ethnic group is living in America with such a huge population, there happens to be a lot of diversity among the group members i.e., the Poles. Their culture has an essence of variation in it and therefore, this fact contributes to the significance of studying this ethnic group in anthropology. At the outset, the Polish were less into literacy and education. Most of the families considered schools as a place that they feared would deviate their children from their original identities. They regarded education as a threat to their social and religious lives. 3 When these people came to America, they were highly unskilled without any education. It was very rare for any Polish American to attend any school or college and receive a higher education. However these attitudes were gradually transformed into modern views after they felt lagged behind than the other communities in America. Therefore, they started taking interest in education and most of the Polish families worked hard to send their younger generation to schools and colleges. By the year 1950, the number of Polish students attending schools, colleges and receiving degrees started to multiply.4 Now, Poles are mostly educated and widely learned people in America. Profession and Employment The major reason for the Polish immigration to America was better working conditions. Hence, work and employment were the basic concerns around which most of the Polish families spent their lives. Polish were very passionate about working, as they were deprived of occupations in original country, Poland. Consequently, they even took up low-grade occupations and lived miserable lives. Their younger generation followed the trend of their forefathers in making the employment choices. 5 The only ambition for Polish was to be hard working enough to acquire and accumulate more wealth. 6 However, as more and more Polish families began to educate their children, they took up new and respectable jobs and reformed their social and economic status. The Polish were even passionate about saving. They accumulated more money and sent back to their families in Poland. Linguistics The natural language of Polish-American group is Polish, which they brought with them from the Poland. When they first entered the land of America, they cherished their language and restricted their children from learning English language as it was regarded as infidelity to their natural language amongst them. However, the Polish were soon to realise the importance of learning the English language for the improvement in their working and living conditions. Consequently, the younger generation was permitted to learn English and go to school, which further enhanced their language skills. When the next Polish generation grew up and got educated, they were reluctant to speak Polish as they had

Experimentation, Research and Consent (slp5C) Essay

Experimentation, Research and Consent (slp5C) - Essay Example They should agree on what and what should not happen to them. Research should as much as possible avoid any harm on the subjects while maximizing its benefits and minimizing any possible harms. A risk/benefit assessment should be carried out before the experiment can be conducted. Benefits may have to be foregone due to possible harms. Subjects should not be harmed no matter the benefits it may bring to others, for example, in the treatment of child disease where the subjects may not benefit directly from the research (McNeill, 1993). Justice should be accorded to the participants. Participation should be allowed for anyone who can benefit from the research and they should not be denied the benefits. Benefits should be distributed fairly according to individual contribution, merit, and role during the research. People should not be selected due to their compromised, availability and manipulated situations example prisoners, ethnic minorities, or patients. If public funds are involved, the benefits should go to all people and not only to those who can afford them (McNeill,